Cross-cultural adaptation of research instruments: language, setting, time and statistical considerations

Table 1 A suggested cross-cultural adaptation process

Investigation of conceptual and item equivalence	Literature review Discussion with experts in the field and members of target population
Original instrument translated	Translator I: Fluent in target language, good understanding of original language
	Translator II: Fluent in target language, good understanding of original language
A synthesized translated version	Translator III: Fluent in target language, good understanding of original language
Back-translations	Back-translator I: Fluent in original language, good understanding of target language
	Back-translator II: Fluent in original language, good understanding of target language
A synthesized back-translated version	Back-translator III: Fluent in original language, good understanding of target language
Expert committee
Instrument pretested
Revised instrument
Investigation of operational equivalence	Literature review Discussions with experts in the field and members of target population
Main study
Exploratory and confirmatory analysis
Final instrument

ISSN: 1471-2288