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Table 2 Mean raw scores and mean gender item bias for men and women.

From: The 12-item World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHO-DAS II): a nonparametric item response analysis

Items

Men

Women

Bias

1. Standing for long periods such as 30 minutes?

2.51

2.71**

.138

2. Taking care of your household responsibilities?

2.93

3.29**

.098

3. Learning a new task, for example, learning how to get to a new place?

2.94

3.18**

.108

4. How much of a problem did you have in joining in community activities (for example, festivities, religious or other activities) in the same way as anyone else can?

3.40

3.46*

.029

5. How much have you been emotionally affected by your health problems?

3.48

3.54

.011

6. Concentrating on doing something for ten minutes?

3.17

3.23

.008

7. Walking a long distance such as a kilometre [or equivalent]?

2.90

3.16**

.077

8. Washing your whole body?

2.18

2.25*

.186

9. Getting dressed?

2.07

2.15*

.188

10. Dealing with people you do not know?

3.24

3.29

.055

11. Maintaining a friendship?

2.91

2.89

.069

12. Your day to day work?

3.43

3.46

.036

  1. Note: Bias refers to bias in expected item scores. Tests of significance indicate differences between men and women.
  2. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001.