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Table 4 Ordering of evidence according to levels of evidence (systematic error), standard error (random error), and outcome measures (design error) in antiarrhythmics for maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (example 2)

From: Evidence at a glance: error matrix approach for overviewing available evidence

 

Level of evidence

Standard error

  

All-cause mortality

Byrne-Quinn [60]

1d

2.02

Hillestad [61]

1d

2.00

Karlson [62]

1d

1.42

Lloyd [63]

1d

1.55

PAFAC [64]

1b

0.78

Sodermark [65]

1d

0.73

SOPAT [66]

1b

1.51

Steinbeck [67]

1d

Z

Lafuente-Lafuente [59]

1c

0.43

  1. Z: outcome with zero-events in both treatment arms which makes SE incalculable
  2. In this example the formulas for SE of lnORpeto,i for individual studies and SE of lnORpeto for meta-analysis were used.