Table 2 Summary statistics of simulationsa with missing data patterns (MCAR, MAR, MNAR)
Imputation method for missing data pattern | 10 % missing | 20 % missing | 30 % Missing | 40 % missing | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean cost (€) | Bias (%) | SSE | SEE | CP | Mean cost | Bias (%) | SSE | SEE | CP | Mean cost | Bias (%) | SSE | SEE | CP | Mean cost | Bias (%) | SSE | SEE | CP | |
Complete sample | 2102 | – | 59 | 61 | – | – | – | 59 | 61 | – | – | – | 59 | 61 | – | – | – | 59 | 61 | – |
MCAR | ||||||||||||||||||||
Complete cases | 2102 | −0.7 (−0.03 %) | 63 | 64 | 1.00 | 2121 | 18 (0.9 %) | 68 | 69 | 1.00 | 2156 | 53 (3 %) | 75 | 76 | 1.00 | 2181 | 79 (4 %) | 87 | 87 | 0.99 |
MI MCMC | 2150 | 48 (2 %) | 68 | 58 | 1.00 | 2218 | 115 (5 %) | 78 | 57 | 0.46 | 2300 | 198 (9 %) | 93 | 57 | 0.03 | 2410 | 308 (15 %) | 118 | 57 | 0.00 |
MAR | ||||||||||||||||||||
Complete cases | 1871 | −231 (−11 %) | 56 | 57 | 0.00 | 1723 | −379 (−18 %) | 54 | 55 | 0.00 | 1624 | −478 (−23 %) | 59 | 59 | 0.00 | 1499 | −603 (−29 %) | 59 | 61 | 0.00 |
MI MCMC | 2158 | 55 (3 %) | 112 | 57 | 0.76 | 2039 | −64 (−3 %) | 83 | 48 | 0.65 | 2218 | 116 (5 %) | 202 | 52 | 0.38 | 2683 | 581 (28 %) | 417 | 69 | 0.09 |
MNAR | ||||||||||||||||||||
Complete cases | 1544 | −558 (−27 %) | 27 | 28 | 0.00 | 1291 | −812 (−39 %) | 22 | 22 | 0.00 | 1096 | −1007 (−48 %) | 20 | 19 | 0.00 | 929 | −1173 (−56 %) | 17 | 16 | 0.00 |
MI MCMC | 1602 | −501 (−24 %) | 28 | 26 | 0.00 | 1383 | −720 (−34 %) | 22 | 19 | 0.00 | 1212 | −890 (−42 %) | 20 | 15 | 0.00 | 1043 | −1059 (−50 %) | 19 | 11 | 0.00 |