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Table 1 Selected characteristics of 554 African American community and RDD controls participating in the Women’s Circle of Health Study, New Jersey, 2006-2012

From: Rethinking sources of representative controls for the conduct of case–control studies in minority populations

 

Community (n=347)

RDD (n=207)

 
 

n

%

n

%

P value1

Age at interview (years)

    

0.32

   <30

7

2.0

5

2.4

 

   30-39

62

17.9

44

21.3

 

   40-49

110

31.7

66

31.9

 

   50-59

103

29.7

67

32.4

 

   60+

65

18.7

25

12.1

 

Country of origin

    

0.04

   United States

312

89.9

174

84.1

 

   Caribbean countries

28

8.1

21

10.1

 

   Other

7

2.0

12

5.8

 

Marital status

    

<0.05

   Married or living as married

107

30.9

99

47.8

 

   Widowed

29

8.4

8

3.9

 

   Separated, divorced, or no longer living as married

63

18.2

38

18.4

 

   Single, never married or never lived as married

147

42.5

62

30.0

 

Highest grade of school completed

    

<0.05

   Less than 12th grade

60

17.3

17

8.2

 

   High school graduate or equivalent

96

27.7

56

27.1

 

   Some college

98

28.2

54

26.1

 

   College graduate

57

16.4

53

25.6

 

   Post-graduate degree

36

10.4

27

13.0

 

Health insurance (multiple choices possible)

     

   Medicaid

90

25.9

34

16.4

<0.05

   Medicare

55

15.9

16

7.7

<0.05

   Employer-provided insurance

167

48.1

133

64.3

<0.05

   Pay for insurance out of pocket

11

3.2

6

2.9

0.86

   I do not have health insurance

26

7.5

10

4.8

0.22

   Other

36

10.4

20

9.7

0.79

Annual income

    

<0.05

   Less than $15,000

89

26.5

25

12.9

 

   $15,000-19,999

25

7.4

14

7.2

 

   $20,000-24,999

26

7.7

9

4.6

 

   $25,000-34,999

31

9.2

19

9.8

 

   $35,000-49,999

46

13.7

36

18.6

 

   $50,000-69,999

44

13.1

31

16.0

 

   $70,000-89,999

31

9.2

20

10.3

 

   $90,000 or more

44

13.1

40

20.6

 

Body Mass Index (kg/m 2 ) – Premenopausal

    

<0.05

   < 25

37

19.3

33

27.7

 

   25 – 29

51

26.6

39

32.8

 

   30+

104

54.2

47

39.5

 

Body Mass Index (kg/m 2 ) – Postmenopausal

    

0.21

   < 25

15

9.7

14

15.9

 

   25-29

43

27.7

28

31.8

 

   30+

97

62.6

46

52.3

 

Age at menarche (years)

    

0.38

   <11

36

10.4

27

13.0

 

   11-12

61

17.6

30

14.5

 

   12-13

97

28.0

48

23.2

 

   13-14

69

19.9

41

19.8

 

   14 +

83

24.0

61

29.5

 

Parity (live births)

    

<0.01

   0

47

13.5

31

15

 

   1-2

162

46.7

122

58.9

 

   3-4

101

29.1

48

23.2

 

   ≥5

37

10.7

6

2.9

 

Age at first birth (years)

    

<0.05

   ≤ 19

138

46.2

61

34.7

 

   20-24

83

27.8

49

27.8

 

   25-30

42

14.1

32

18.2

 

   ≥31

36

12

34

19.3

 

Breastfeeding

    

<0.05

   Nulliparous

47

13.5

31

15.0

 

   No

180

51.9

84

40.6

 

   Yes

120

34.6

92

44.4

 

Age at menopause (years)

    

0.63

   Premenopausal

192

55.7

119

57.5

 

   ≤ 44

25

7.2

12

5.8

 

   45-49

45

13.0

21

10.1

 

   50 +

83

24.1

55

26.6

 

Ever have hormone replacement therapy? 2

    

0.30

   Yes

25

16.2

19

21.6

 

   No

129

83.8

69

78.4

 

Ever have a screening mammogram? 3

    

0.27

   Yes

252

90.6

148

93.7

 

   No

26

9.4

10

6.3

 

History of benign breast disease

    

0.99

   Yes

77

22.2

46

22.2

 

   No

270

77.8

161

77.8

 

Family history of breast cancer?

    

0.20

   Yes

39

11.2

31

15.0

 

   No

308

88.8

176

85.0

 
  1. 1 Based on Chi-square test comparing community controls vs. RDD controls.
  2. 2 Limited to postmenopausal participants.
  3. 3 Limited to participants ≥ 40 years of age.