Table 1 Baseline characteristics of people in the Hong Kong Diabetes Register (HKDR, randomized 2:1 into derivation and validation cohorts) and the Hong Kong Diabetes Surveillance Database (HKDSD). Laboratory and prescription data are from the first year after diagnosis. Values are counts (n) and percentages unless otherwise indicated
HKDR | HKDSD | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohort | Total n = 15,297 | Missing (n, %) | n = 561,924 | Missing (n, %) | ||
Derivation n = 10,196 | Validation n = 5101 | |||||
Age (years; mean, standard deviation) | 55.7 (11.7) | 55.6 (11.8) | 55.7 (11.7) | 0 (0.0) | 61.8 (13.2) | 0 (0.0) |
Age < 18 years | 36 (0.4) | 28 (0.6) | 64 (0.4) | 1577 (0.3) | ||
Age 18–39 years | 801 (7.9) | 375 (7.4) | 1176 (7.7) | 24,148 (4.3) | ||
Age ≥ 40 years | 9359 (91.8) | 4698 (92.1) | 14,057 (91.9) | 536,199 (95.4) | ||
Female | 4488 (44.0) | 2341 (45.9) | 6829 (44.6) | 270,282 (48.1) | ||
Baseline Comorbidities* | ||||||
Ischemic heart disease | 972 (9.5) | 456 (8.9) | 1428 (9.3) | 49,931 (8.9) | ||
Congestive heart failure | 411 (4.0) | 196 (3.8) | 607 (4.0) | 28,745 (5.1) | ||
Stroke | 855 (8.4) | 426 (8.4) | 1281 (8.4) | 54,762 (9.8) | ||
Peripheral arterial disease | 125 (1.2) | 52 (1.0) | 177 (1.2) | 5241 (0.9) | ||
Cancer | 1071 (10.5) | 537 (10.5) | 1608 (10.5) | 63,510 (11.3) | ||
Chronic kidney disease† | 1885 (18.5) | 948 (18.6) | 2833 (18.5) | 1 (0.0) | 125,274 (22.5) | 6101 (0.0) |
End-stage renal disease† | 133 (1.3) | 78 (1.5) | 211 (1.4) | 8274 (1.5) | ||
Risk Factors (mean, standard deviation unless otherwise indicated) | ||||||
A1C (%) | 7.4 (1.0) | 7.4 (1.0) | 7.4 (1.0) | 17 (0.1) | 7.2 (1.1) | 24,485 (4.4) |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 7.7 (1.7) | 7.7 (1.7) | 7.7 (1.7) | 90 (0.6) | 7.4 (1.8) | 32,708 (5.8) |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.5 (0.6) | 2.5 (0.6) | 2.5 (0.6) | 48 (0.3) | 2.7 (0.7) | 38,691 (6.9) |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | 45 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | 37,813 (6.7) |
Triglycerides (median, IQR; mmol/L) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.4 (0.9) | 41 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.9) | 34,211 (6.1) |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 79.4 (23.3) | 79.9 (23.5) | 79.5 (23.4) | 1 (0.0) | 76.3 (23.4) | 6101 (0.0) |
Glucose-Lowering Medications (excluding insulin) | ||||||
Metformin | 9044 (88.7) | 4540 (89.0) | 13,584 (88.8) | 399,235 (71.0) | ||
Sulfonylureas | 7492 (73.5) | 3752 (73.6) | 11,244 (73.5) | 301,158 (53.6) | ||
Thiazolidinediones | 674 (6.6) | 306 (6.0) | 980 (6.4) | 11,414 (2.0) | ||
DPP-4 inhibitors | 1945 (19.1) | 932 (18.3) | 2877 (18.8) | 24,529 (4.4) | ||
GLP-1 agonists | 32 (0.3) | 21 (0.4) | 53 (0.4) | 319 (0.1) | ||
SGLT2 inhibitors | 171 (1.7) | 79 (1.6) | 250 (1.6) | 1381 (0.2) | ||
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor | 347 (3.4) | 159 (3.1) | 506 (3.3) | 7885 (1.4) | ||
Insulin‡ (n, %) | ||||||
Long-acting | 505 (5.0) | 232 (4.6) | 737 (4.8) | 7260 (1.3) | ||
Intermediate-acting | 2903 (28.5) | 1397 (27.4) | 4303 (28.1) | 54,859 (9.8) | ||
Short-acting | 1337 (13.1) | 630 (12.4) | 1967 (12.9) | 58,096 (10.3) | ||
Premixed | 907 (8.9) | 430 (8.4) | 1337 (8.7) | 18,040 (3.2) | ||
Multiple daily injections** | 1001 (9.8) | 480 (9.4) | 1481 (9.7) | 23,445 (4.2) | ||
Any insulin | 3454 (33.9) | 1648 (32.3) | 5102 (33.4) | 94,974 (16.9) | ||
Other Medications | ||||||
Statin | 7098 (69.6) | 3546 (69.5) | 10,644 (69.6) | 349,324 (62.2) | ||
RAS inhibitor | 7054 (69.2) | 3530 (69.2) | 10,584 (69.2) | 344,949 (61.4) | ||
Antiplatelet agent | 3651 (35.8) | 1836 (36.0) | 5487 (35.9) | 197,612 (35.2) | ||