Fig. 4From: A novel framework for classification of selection processes in epidemiological researchSelection post-outcome at the population-level, illustrated by causal diagrams with subscripts of the nodes indicating time. a. Selection in exposure (E1) caused by disease outcome (D0) b. Selection in population composition (boxed S1) caused by disease outcome (D0) and exposure (E0). Induced inverse associations are marked with dashed linesBack to article page