Table 1 Descriptive Statistics of Matched Cohorts

Age, mean (SD)

60.6 (16.2)

60.6 (16.4)

0.00106

BMI, mean (SD)

31.3 (6.4)

31.3 (6.6)

0.01178

Sex, N (%)

Female

21,949 (10.5)

540,127 (10.4)

0.00988

Male

183,676 (88.1)

4,566,632 (88.3)

Unknown

2,911 (1.4)

66,641 (1.3)

Race, N (%)

American Indian/Alaska Native

1,965 (0.9)

47,784 (0.9)

0.00610

Asian

2,081 (1.0)

51,718 (1.0)

Black or African American

47,726 (22.9)

1,189,212 (23.0)

Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander

1,946 (0.9)

48,095 (0.9)

White

139,952 (67.1)

3,474,658 (67.2)

Multiple Races

1,978 (0.9)

49,028 (0.9)

Missing

12,888 (6.2)

312,905 (6.0)

Hispanic Ethnicity, N (%)

Yes

20,309 (9.7)

492,607 (9.5)

0.00792

No

181,097 (86.8)

4,506,252 (87.1)

Missing

7,130 (3.4)

174,541 (3.4)

Rurality, N (%)

Urban

149,310 (71.6)

3,700,754 (71.5)

0.00144

Not Urban (incl. missing)

59,226 (28.4)

1,472,646 (28.5)

Smoking Status, N (%)

Current

26,188 (12.6)

654,415 (12.6)

0.01379

Former

88,275 (42.3)

2,201,135 (42.5)

Never

81,916 (39.3)

2,032,442 (39.3)

Missing

12,157 (5.8)

285,408 (5.5)

CDC High Risk Conditions, N (%)

Coronary Heart Disease

59,972 (28.8)

1,472,173 (28.5)

0.00668

Cancer

38,136 (18.3)

942,791 (18.2)

0.00165

Chronic Kidney Disease

47,610 (22.8)

1,161,200 (22.4)

0.00920

Congestive Heart Failure

22,124 (10.6)

532,106 (10.3)

0.01059

Pulmonary

46,178 (22.1)

1,131,201 (21.9)

0.00671

Dementia

10,837 (5.2)

254,136 (4.9)

0.01298

Diabetes

72,020 (34.5)

1,773,699 (34.3)

0.00528

Hypertension

127,761 (61.3)

3,174,235 (61.4)

0.00187

Liver Disease

15,324 (7.3)

370,974 (7.2)

0.00684

Sickle Cell

383 (0.2)

9,131 (0.2)

0.00169

Transplant

687 (0.3)

16,864 (0.3)

0.00061

Stroke/Cerebrovascular disease

13,012 (6.2)

314,234 (6.1)

0.00689

Substance Use Disorder

25,915 (12.4)

645,302 (12.5)

0.00140

Anxiety

47,186 (22.6)

1,165,628 (22.5)

0.00230

Bipolar disorder

8,039 (3.9)

199,388 (3.9)

0.00005

Major Depression

67,383 (32.3)

1,664,825 (32.2)

0.00282

PTSD

52,964 (25.4)

1,317,278 (25.5)

0.00148

Schizophrenia

4,737 (2.3)

115,145 (2.2)

0.00309

# CDC High Risk Conditions, mean (SD)

2.3 (1.9)

2.3 (1.9)

0.01088

# Mental Health Conditions (Anxiety, Bipolar disorder, major depression, PTSD, schizophrenia), mean (SD)

0.9 (1.1)

0.9 (1.0)

0.00200

Gagne score, mean (SD)

1.4 (2.3)

1.4 (2.2)

0.01559

# VA Inpatient Admissions, mean (SD)

0.4 (1.2)

0.4 (1.3)

0.00079

# VA Primary Care Visits, mean (SD)

8.6 (9.7)

8.3 (10.2)

0.02916

# VA Specialty Care Visits, mean (SD)

13.9 (14.1)

13.4 (14.9)

0.03288

Mental Health Care Utilization, mean (SD)

7.9 (22.6)

7.8 (21.9)

0.00457

Immunosuppressed in prior 24 months, N (%)

20,366 (9.8)

502,358 (9.7)

0.00188

CLC At Index Date, N (%)

2,176 (1.0)

46,586 (0.9)

0.01457

NOSOS score, N (%)

NOSOS, missing

4,801 (2.3)

110,729 (2.1)

0.03224

NOSOS Category 1 [0, 0.417)

5,708 (2.7)

129,206 (2.5)

NOSOS Category 2 [0.417, 0.471)

9,599 (4.6)

227,788 (4.4)

NOSOS Category 3 [0.471, 0.534)

12,449 (6.0)

305,685 (5.9)

NOSOS Category 4 [0.534, 0.611)

15,187 (7.3)

378,825 (7.3)

NOSOS Category 5 [0.611, 0.707)

17,737 (8.5)

450,045 (8.7)

NOSOS Category 6 [0.707, 0.829)

20,556 (9.9)

525,057 (10.1)

NOSOS Category 7 [0.829, 0.998)

23,462 (11.3)

599,981 (11.6)

NOSOS Category 8 [0.998, 1.259)

26,956 (12.9)

686,219 (13.3)

NOSOS Category 9 [1.259, 1.805)

31,372 (15.0)

786,826 (15.2)

NOSOS Category 10 [1.805, Inf)

40,709 (19.5)

973,039 (18.8)

CAN Score, N (%)

CAN, missing

4,066 (1.9)

86,041 (1.7)

0.03258

CAN Category 1, 0–20

34,427 (16.5)

851,737 (16.5)

CAN Category 2, 25–40

31,926 (15.3)

801,677 (15.5)

CAN Category 3, 45–60

38,266 (18.3)

970,378 (18.8)

CAN Category 4, 65–80

46,894 (22.5)

1,184,134 (22.9)

CAN Category 5, 85–90

30,745 (14.7)

762,537 (14.7)

CAN Category 6, 95–99

22,212 (10.7)

516,896 (10.0)

Vaccinated in January-April 2021, N (%)

3,153 (1.5)

75,353 (1.5)

0.00470

Index Month, N (%)

March 2020

2,340 (1.1)

58,278 (1.1)

0.00363

April 2020

6,786 (3.3)

168,727 (3.3)

May 2020

4,402 (2.1)

109,604 (2.1)

June 2020

6,967 (3.3)

173,776 (3.4)

July 2020

14,945 (7.2)

373,025 (7.2)

August 2020

8,376 (4.0)

208,750 (4.0)

September 2020

6,787 (3.3)

169,048 (3.3)

October 2020

12,212 (5.9)

302,119 (5.8)

November 2020

31,004 (14.9)

767,646 (14.8)

December 2020

43,732 (21.0)

1,085,816 (21.0)

January 2021

36,282 (17.4)

900,381 (17.4)

February 2021

15,699 (7.5)

388,553 (7.5)

March 2021

9,942 (4.8)

244,839 (4.7)

April 2021

9,062 (4.3)

222,838 (4.3)

U.S. State of Residence, N (%)

Alaska

694 (0.3)

16,880 (0.3)

0.01515

Alabama

4,089 (2.0)

101,648 (2.0)

Arkansas

3,075 (1.5)

76,426 (1.5)

Arizona

6,310 (3.0)

157,105 (3.0)

California

16,253 (7.8)

405,136 (7.8)

Colorado

3,278 (1.6)

80,733 (1.6)

Connecticut

1,895 (0.9)

46,782 (0.9)

Washington, D.C.

414 (0.2)

10,111 (0.2)

Delaware

552 (0.3)

13,199 (0.3)

Florida

16,003 (7.7)

399,175 (7.7)

Georgia

7,893 (3.8)

196,375 (3.8)

Hawaii

263 (0.1)

6,295 (0.1)

Iowa

2,473 (1.2)

59,479 (1.1)

Idaho

1,582 (0.8)

39,124 (0.8)

Illinois

6,462 (3.1)

159,840 (3.1)

Indiana

4,533 (2.2)

112,806 (2.2)

Kansas

2,471 (1.2)

61,282 (1.2)

Kentucky

3,352 (1.6)

82,956 (1.6)

Louisiana

3,754 (1.8)

93,423 (1.8)

Massachusetts

2,990 (1.4)

73,840 (1.4)

Maryland

2,640 (1.3)

65,047 (1.3)

Maine

631 (0.3)

15,442 (0.3)

Michigan

4,383 (2.1)

108,714 (2.1)

Minnesota

4,251 (2.0)

105,503 (2.0)

Missouri

6,609 (3.2)

164,281 (3.2)

Mississippi

1,804 (0.9)

44,823 (0.9)

Montana

1,122 (0.5)

27,824 (0.5)

North Carolina

8,521 (4.1)

212,232 (4.1)

North Dakota

865 (0.4)

21,154 (0.4)

Nebraska

1,872 (0.9)

46,270 (0.9)

New Hampshire

743 (0.4)

18,024 (0.3)

New Jersey

2,623 (1.3)

64,850 (1.3)

New Mexico

1,373 (0.7)

34,024 (0.7)

Nevada

3,049 (1.5)

75,467 (1.5)

New York

7,739 (3.7)

192,659 (3.7)

Ohio

9,173 (4.4)

228,564 (4.4)

Oklahoma

4,030 (1.9)

100,147 (1.9)

Oregon

1,386 (0.7)

34,259 (0.7)

Pennsylvania

7,880 (3.8)

196,104 (3.8)

Rhode Island

762 (0.4)

18,729 (0.4)

South Carolina

6,352 (3.0)

157,970 (3.1)

South Dakota

1,408 (0.7)

29,278 (0.6)

Tennessee

5,848 (2.8)

145,295 (2.8)

Texas

19,436 (9.3)

485,224 (9.4)

Utah

1,243 (0.6)

30,706 (0.6)

Virginia

5,070 (2.4)

125,759 (2.4)

Vermont

149 (0.1)

3,594 (0.1)

Washington

1,976 (0.9)

48,855 (0.9)

Wisconsin

5,087 (2.4)

126,171 (2.4)

West Virginia

1,621 (0.8)

40,213 (0.8)

Wyoming

554 (0.3)

13,603 (0.3)

Distance to Nearest VAMC (miles), mean (SD)

35.6 (36.5)

35.8 (35.1)

0.00452