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Table 4 Treatment effect estimate by methodology

From: Frameworks for estimating causal effects in observational settings: comparing confounder adjustment and instrumental variables

Method

Estimate

Std. Err.

P-value

Unadjusted OLS

2.12

0.58

\(<.001\)

OLS

1.38

0.62

0.029

IPTW

1.46

0.99

0.157

TMLE

1.48

0.43

\(<.001\)

DML 1 - Confounders Only

2.62

1.56

0.092

2SLS

-0.09

2.85

0.97

Post-LASSO

-0.56

2.89

0.85

DML 2 - Confounders and IVs

-2.00

4.22

0.634