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Table 3 Results of linear mixed effects model for diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

From: A wide range of missing imputation approaches in longitudinal data: a simulation study and real data analysis

Imputation method

\(\beta\)(SE)

MSE

RMSE

MAD

Deviance

AIC

Intercept

Age

Sex

BMI

Time

Complete cases

55.563 (1.124)

0.075 (0.016)

-2.778 (0.462)

0.706 (0.038)

-0.024 (0.074)

0.861

0.928

0.716

48345.57

48343.45

Interpolation LOCF

54.231 (0.617)

0.124 (0.008)

-3.238 (0.278)

0.692 (0.021)

-0.063 (0.039)

0.854

0.924

0.699

155033.2

155025.3

Interpolation global

54.38 (0.646)

0.123 (0.009)

-3.387 (0.298)

0.689 (0.022)

-0.118 (0.046)

0.859

0.927

0.671

162086.5

162079.5

Interpolation local

54.050 (0.676)

0.122 (0.009)

-3.373 (0.309)

0.703 (0.023)

-0.069 (0.049)

0.864

0.930

0.652

167074.2

167067.7

Interpolation bisector

54.285 (0.649)

0.123 (0.009)

-3.365 (0.299)

0.692 (0.022)

-0.108 (0.045)

0.860

0.927

0.668

162527.8

162520.9

copyMean.LOCF

54.670 (0.613)

0.126 (0.008)

-3.237 (0.277)

0.684 (0.022)

-0.119 (0.039)

0.854

0.924

0.702

155136.1

155128.3

copyMean.global

54.672 (0.638)

0.125 (0.009)

-3.395 (0.294)

0.690 (0.022)

-0.161 (0.044)

0.859

0.927

0.677

161560.7

161553.6

copyMean.local

54.851 (0.666)

0.120 (0.009)

-3.356 (0.305)

0.696 (0.023)

-0.183 (0.048)

0.865

0.930

0.657

166566.1

166559.5

copyMean.bisector

54.679 (0.641)

0.124 (0.009)

-3.369 (0.295)

0.692 (0.022)

-0.165 (0.044)

0.860

0.927

0.674

162051.4

162044.3

LOCF

54.507 (0.609)

0.125 (0.009)

-3.145 (0.278)

0.679 (0.021)

-0.073 (0.039)

0.854

0.924

0.702

155864.4

155856.5

NOCB

54.002 (0.627)

0.124 (0.009)

-3.326 (0.281)

0.702 (0.022)

-0.058 (0.040)

0.855

0.925

0.706

155878.9

155871.2

Traj mean

54.407 (0.615)

0.120 (0.008)

-3.20 (0.275)

0.707 (0.021)

-0.159 (0.037)

0.854

0.924

0.701

152373.1

152365

Traj median

54.675 (0.614)

0.120 (0.008)

-3.223 (0.274)

0.697 (0.021)

-0.160 (0.037)

0.852

0.923

0.653

152671

152662.9

Traj hot deck

56.433 (0.618)

0.125 (0.009)

-3.064 (0.279)

0.617 (0.021)

-0.136 (0.040)

0.852

0.923

0.659

156228.2

156220.4

Cross mean

54.847 (0.521)

0.090 (0.007)

-2.357 (0.214)

0.717 (0.018)

-0.091 (0.037)

0.855

0.925

0.707

155407.2

155397.6

Cross median

54.683 (0.522)

0.092 (0.007)

-2.347 (0.215)

0.711 (0.018)

-0.006 (0.037)

0.872

0.934

0.705

155540

155530.4

Cross hot deck

60.838 (0.512)

0.106 (0.007)

-1.902 (0.230)

0.452 (0.016)

-0.010 (0.043)

0.873

0.934

0.708

162970.7

162961.8

FCS-LMM

53.535 (0.486)

0.118 (0.007)

-3.163 (0.224)

0.733 (0.016)

-0.111 (0.041)

0.883

0.940

0.717

161290.4

161281.1

FCS-LMM-het

53.535 (0.486)

0.118 (0.007)

-3.163 (0.224)

0.733 (0.016)

-0.111 (0.041)

0.882

0.939

0.721

161290.4

161281.1

FCS-MLMM-LN

53.472 (0.590)

0.118 (0.008)

-3.216 (0.262)

0.734 (0.021)

-0.077 (0.040)

0.882

0.939

0.721

157445.7

157437.6

FCS-LMM-LN

53.723 (0.589)

0.121 (0.008)

-3.168 (0.265)

0.718 (0.021)

-0.065 (0.040)

0.861

0.928

0.721

157612.8

157604.8

FCS-LMM-LN-het

56.023 (0.510)

0.133 (0.008)

-2.874 (0.269)

0.601 (0.015)

-0.048 (0.041)

0.860

0.928

0.716

158355.2

158346.5

JointAI

56.660 (0.688)

0.119 (0.008)

-3.219 (0.264)

0.735 (0.021)

-0.087 (0.040)

0.860

0.928

0.720

157473.5

157465.4

hmi

53.409 (0.594)

0.118 (0.008)

-3.230 (0.264)

0.736 (0.021)

-0.077 (0.040)

0.860

0.927

0.720

157440

157432

JM-SMC

53.568 (0.594)

0.118 (0.008)

-3.204 (0.265)

0.730 (0.021)

-0.076 (0.040)

0.860

0.927

0.720

157451.2

157443.2

JM-SMC-het

53.562 (0.592)

0.119 (0.008)

-3.211 (0.264)

0.729 (0.021)

-0.077 (0.040)

0.860

0.928

0.720

157463.1

157455.1

JM-MLMM

53.739 (0.593)

0.120 (0.008)

-3.203 (0.264)

0.722 (0.021)

-0.094 (0.040)

0.860

0.928

0.720

157443.6

157435.5

JM-FJ

53.713 (0.593)

0.119 (0.008)

-3.229 (0.264)

0.726 (0.021)

-0.099 (0.040)

0.860

0.927

0.720

157381.1

157373.1