Skip to main content
Fig. 1 | BMC Medical Research Methodology

Fig. 1

From: Adjusting expected deaths for mortality displacement during the COVID-19 pandemic: a model based counterfactual approach at the level of individuals

Fig. 1

Simulation methodology—plot matrix describing simulation methodology for a hypothetical patient who developed COVID-19 infection 5 months following hip fracture. ‘Combined Hazard – illustrates the combined hazard for death for the example patient’s set of characteristics under COVID-19 positive test and no positive test scenarios. ‘Simulate’ – illustrates the results of the first 20 simulations of a patient’s survival times under positive test and no positive test scenarios. ‘Summarise’ – all individual simulation results for the example patient are summarised as a Kaplan–Meier cumulative survival function. Hazard refers to hazard of death. Relative Risk refers to the impact of the fixed and time-dependent covariate pattern for any individual. Source: Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, using data from National Hip Fracture Database (NHFD), Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) and Office for National Statistics (ONS), England. Copyright © 2022, Re-used with the permission of NHS Digital. All rights reserved

Back to article page

BMC Medical Research Methodology

ISSN: 1471-2288

Contact us