Fig. 1

COVID-19 Optimization Study Design Using SMART Method. Navigation: NS include assessment and support with service referrals. Each participant will meet with a peer navigator in person or on Zoom conferencing for 30 min to go over the results from their social and health needs assessment that is retrieved from the baseline survey. The navigator shares information about COVID-19, answers questions about testing, and makes. referrals to other needed services. Follow-up sessions occur as needed. *Brochure: A digital brochure will consist of a brochure containing CDC public health recommendations that is e-mailed or tested to participants immediately after randomization. The brochure includes information about COVID-19, testing, and vaccines. *Critical dialogue: CD includes three 1 h long, open-group sessions facilitated in person or online by a trained licensed facilitator. Group critical dialog is promoted by thematic images to foster a deeper understanding of how systematic stigma, feelings of rage as victims of discrimination, and/or apathy may impact participants’ beliefs and behaviors related to COVID-19 and empower participants to make critical choices to protect their health and the health of their communities. *Brief counseling: BC is a 15 min post-COVID-19 test session delivered by a trained licensed clinician in person or via Zoom conferencing. In the session, the clinician shares the test results and offers recommendations and information about COVID-19 treatment and prevention