Overall | Group 1: Low Pain-Related Facilitators n = 106 | Group 2: High Motivation and Interest n = 112 | Group 3: Low Behavior Reduction Outcome Preference n = 128 | Group 4: High Pain-Related Facilitators, Low Social Motives n = 66 | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 40.85 (15.85) | 31.80 (7.73)a | 33.80 (10.94)a | 50.63 (17.77)b | 48.35 (14.38)b | < 0.001 | |
Gender | |||||||
Male | 43% (176) | 71% (75) | 60% (67) | 20% (26) | 12% (8) | < 0.001 | |
Female | 52% (215) | 19% (20) | 38% (42) | 77% (98) | 83% (55) | ||
Transgender/Non-binary | 5% (21) | 10% (11) | 2% (3) | 3% (4) | 5% (3) | ||
Race | |||||||
White | 61% (252) | 48% (51) | 45% (50) | 80% (102) | 74% (49) | < 0.001 | |
Non-White | 39% (160) | 52% (55) | 55% (62) | 20% (26) | 26% (17) | ||
Income | |||||||
< $50,000 per year | 37% (151) | 42% (44) | 29% (32) | 35% (45) | 45% (30) | 0.088 | |
≥ $50,000 per year | 63% (261) | 58% (62) | 71% (80) | 65% (83) | 55% (36) | ||
Education | |||||||
Less than college education | 35% (146) | 46% (49) | 34% (38) | 28% (36) | 35% (23) | 0.037 | |
Some college or higher education | 65% (266) | 54% (57) | 66% (74) | 72% (92) | 65% (43) | ||
Employment | |||||||
Employed | 71% (273) | 92% (96) | 85% (91) | 48% (55) | 51% (31) | < 0.001 | |
Unemployed, retired, or student | 29% (113) | 8% (8) | 15% (16) | 52% (59) | 49% (30) | ||
Pain duration | |||||||
Pain lasting less than one year | 47% (195) | 88% (93) | 62% (69) | 21% (27) | 9% (6) | < 0.001 | |
Pain lasting over one year | 53% (217) | 12% (13) | 38% (43) | 79% (101) | 91% (60) | ||
Pain severity | 4.62 (1.69) | 4.66 (1.72) | 4.70 (1.86) | 4.45 (1.62) | 4.74 (1.49) | 0.400 | |
Physical function | 13.79 (3.73) | 13.08 (2.86) | 14.70 (3.26) | 13.34 (4.50) | 14.29 (3.76) | 0.001 | |
Depressive symptoms | 1.10 (0.77) | 1.38 (0.50)a | 1.11 (0.70)b | 0.89 (0.91)b | 1.07 (0.82)b | < 0.001 | |
Anxiety symptoms | 1.21 (0.87) | 1.43 (0.65) | 1.21 (0.86) | 1.07 (0.99) | 1.14 (0.91) | 0.001 | |
Perceived health | 3.42 (0.96) | 3.44 (0.97) | 3.37 (1.01) | 3.34 (0.95) | 3.61 (0.86) | 0.300 |