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Table 2 Characteristics of participants and substance use patterns in the Rural Opioid Initiative by study

From: Evaluation of respondent-driven sampling in seven studies of people who use drugs from rural populations: findings from the Rural Opioid Initiative

  

Study

Overall

IL

KY

NC

NE

OH

OR

WI

N

2,842

166

338

350

589

252

174

973

Age, median (IQR)

34 (28-42)

40 (31-47)

35 (29-41)

32 (27-42)

34 (28-42)

38 (32-47)

36 (29-45)

33 (27-40)

Female

1,212 (43%)

70 (42%)

144 (43%)

168 (48%)

243 (41%)

127 (50%)

75 (43%)

385 (40%)

Race/Ethnicity

 White

2,346 (83%)

141 (85%)

330 (98%)

237 (68%)

523 (89%)

222 (88%)

135 (78%)

758 (78%)

 Black or African American

80 (3%)

17 (10%)

2 (<1%)

5 (1%)

6 (1%)

13 (5%)

3 (2%)

34 (3%)

 Native American

206 (7%)

3 (2%)

1 (<1%)

77 (22%)

9 (2%)

5 (2%)

9 (5%)

102 (10%)

 Other/Unknown

96 (3%)

3 (2%)

4 (1%)

12 (3%)

23 (4%)

7 (3%)

11 (6%)

36 (4%)

 Hispanica

114 (4%)

2 (1%)

1 (<1%)

19 (5%)

28 (5%)

5 (2%)

16 (9%)

43 (4%)

Experienced homelessnessb

1,519 (53%)

80 (48%)

123 (36%)

151 (43%)

332 (56%)

127 (50%)

119 (68%)

587 (60%)

Preferred drug for getting high

 Opioidsc

1,533 (54%)

80 (48%)

206 (61%)

171 (49%)

452 (77%)

179 (71%)

78 (45%)

367 (38%)

  Heroin^

1,079 (38%)

33 (20%)

103 (30%)

106 (30%)

351 (60%)

120 (48%)

69 (40%)

297 (31%)

  Street fentanyl/carfentanil^

62 (2%)

2 (1%)

1 (<1%)

11 (3%)

23 (4%)

21 (8%)

0

4 (<1%)

  Prescription opioids^

255 (9%)

31 (19%)

63 (19%)

44 (13%)

44 (7%)

29 (12%)

8 (5%)

36 (4%)

  Buprenorphine^

79 (3%)

5 (3%)

36 (11%)

4 (1%)

25 (4%)

8 (3%)

1 (1%)

0

  Methadone^

40 (1%)

9 (5%)

3 (1%)

6 (2%)

7 (1%)

1 (<1%)

0

14 (1%)

 Methamphetamine

1,016 (36%)

68 (41%)

108 (32%)

158 (45%)

23 (4%)

59 (23%)

91 (52%)

509 (52%)

 Cocaine/crack

163 (6%)

12 (7%)

7 (2%)

14 (4%)

95 (16%)

8 (3%)

1 (1%)

26 (3%)

 Benzodiazepines

39 (1%)

4 (2%)

6 (2%)

5 (1%)

4 (1%)

1 (<1%)

1 (1%)

18 (2%)

 Other

76 (3%)

2 (1%)

11 (3%)

2 (1%)

15 (3%)

5 (2%)

3 (2%)

38 (4%)

Drugs used in past 30 days

 Opioidsc

2,437 (86%)

139 (84%)

299 (88%)

298 (85%)

587 (99%)

235 (93%)

133 (76%)

746 (77%)

  Heroin^

1,963 (69%)

78 (47%)

230 (68%)

230 (66%)

531 (90%)

187 (78%)

105 (60%)

592 (61%)

  Street fentanyl/carfentanil^

1,020 (36%)

42 (25%)

95 (28%)

160 (46%)

370 (63%)

150 (60%)

19 (11%)

184 (19%)

  Prescription opioids^

1,615 (57%)

113 (68%)

211 (62%)

224 (64%)

339 (58%)

129 (51%)

67 (39%)

532 (55%)

  Buprenorphine^

1,124 (40%)

79 (48%)

197 (58%)

142 (41%)

304 (52%)

113 (45%)

18 (10%)

271 (28%)

  Methadone^

621 (22%)

29 (17%)

51 (15%)

60 (17%)

171 (29%)

34 (13%)

27 (16%)

249 (26%)

 Methamphetamine

2,148 (76%)

132 (80%)

265 (78%)

325 (93%)

203 (34%)

199 (79%)

168 (97%)

856 (88%)

 Cocaine/crack

1,224 (43%)

76 (46%)

74 (22%)

82 (23%)

451 (77%)

103 (41%)

14 (8%)

424 (44%)

 Benzodiazepines

1,325 (47%)

102 (61%)

147 (43%)

177 (51%)

300 (51%)

122 (48%)

47 (27%)

430 (44%)

 Other

985 (35%)

49 (30%)

165 (49%)

77 (22%)

270 (46%)

123 (49%)

26 (15%)

275 (28%)

 Multiple classes of drugs usedd

2,404 (85%)

142 (86%)

294 (87%)

299 (85%)

517 (88%)

224 (89%)

137 (79%)

791 (81%)

Ever injected drugse

2,610 (92%)

137 (83%)

290 (86%)

330 (94%)

499 (85%)

220 (87%)

161 (93%)

973 (100%)

Injection drug use in past 30 dayse

2,420 (85%)

121 (73%)

245 (72%)

299 (85%)

431 (73%)

200 (79%)

153 (88%)

971 (>99%)

HCV positive antibody statusf

1,353 (52%)

66 (45%)

208 (62%)

144 (68%)

325 (59%)

170 (72%)

86 (54%)

354 (36%)

  1. Data presented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated
  2. Abbreviations: IL Illinois, KY Kentucky, NC North Carolina, NE New England (Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont), OH Ohio, OR Oregon, WI Wisconsin
  3. aRace/ethnicity are mutually exclusive categories. Hispanic includes everyone who is Hispanic. White and Black race include those who are White or Black and not Hispanic
  4. bReference period: past 6 months
  5. cHeroin, street fentanyl/carfentanil, prescription opioids, novel synthetics (i.e., U47700), buprenorphine, and/or methadone
  6. dUse of ≥2 drug categories by any route in past 30 days (opioids, methamphetamine, cocaine/crack, prescription anxiety drugs, gabapentin, clonidine, and/or other)
  7. eInjection drug use in past 30 days was an eligibility requirement for enrollment in WI
  8. fAmong participants who received a rapid HCV test (n=2,609 overall; IL: n=147; KY: n=337; NC: n=211; NE: n=547; OH: n=235; OR: n=159; WI: n=973)
  9. ^Subcategory of Opioids; percentages among all participants. Not all subcategories are shown
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BMC Medical Research Methodology

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