Evaluation of respondent-driven sampling in seven studies of people who use drugs from rural populations: findings from the Rural Opioid Initiative

Rudolph, Abby E.; Nance, Robin M.; Bobashev, Georgiy; Brook, Daniel; Akhtar, Wajiha; Cook, Ryan; Cooper, Hannah L.; Friedmann, Peter D.; Frost, Simon D. W.; Go, Vivian F.; Jenkins, Wiley D.; Korthuis, Philip T.; Miller, William C.; Pho, Mai T.; Ruderman, Stephanie A.; Seal, David W.; Stopka, Thomas J.; Westergaard, Ryan P.; Young, April M.; Zule, William A.; Tsui, Judith I.; Crane, Heidi M.; Whitney, Bridget M.; Delaney, Joseph A. C.

doi:10.1186/s12874-024-02206-5

Table 4 Comparison of unweighted and RDS-weighted prevalence estimates for key variables by study

From: Evaluation of respondent-driven sampling in seven studies of people who use drugs from rural populations: findings from the Rural Opioid Initiative

	Study
	IL				KY
	Unweighted Sample	RDS-I (Age)	RDS-I (Drug of Choice)	RDS-II	Unweighted Sample	RDS-I (Age)	RDS-I (Drug of Choice)	RDS-II
Heroin use^a	0.47 (0.40, 0.55)	0.46 (0.38, 0.54)	0.46 (0.38, 0.54)	0.43 (0.31, 0.56)	0.68 (0.63, 0.73)	0.67 (0.62, 0.72)	0.63 (0.57, 0.68)	0.57 (0.45, 0.68)
Fentanyl use^a	0.26 (0.19, 0.33)	0.26 (0.19, 0.33)	0.26 (0.19, 0.32)	0.26 (0.15, 0.37)	0.31 (0.25, 0.36)	0.30 (0.25, 0.35)	0.26 (0.21, 0.31)	0.15 (0.07, 0.22)
Methamphetamine use^a	0.80 (0.73, 0.86)	0.78 (0.71, 0.84)	0.79 (0.73, 0.86)	0.78 (0.69, 0.87)	0.79 (0.74, 0.83)	0.78 (0.74, 0.83)	0.75 (0.70, 0.80)	0.62 (0.50, 0.74)
HCV antibody status	0.45 (0.37, 0.53)	0.47 (0.38, 0.55)	0.44 (0.36, 0.52)	0.50 (0.37, 0.63)	0.62 (0.57, 0.67)	0.60 (0.55, 0.66)	0.59 (0.54, 0.65)	0.58 (0.47, 0.69)
Homelessness^b	0.49 (0.41, 0.57)	0.47 (0.40, 0.55)	0.49 (0.41, 0.56)	0.58 (0.46, 0.69)	0.36 (0.31, 0.42)	0.37 (0.32, 0.42)	0.35 (0.30, 0.40)	0.36 (0.25, 0.47)
	NC				NE
	Unweighted Sample	RDS-I (Age)	RDS-I (Drug of Choice)	RDS-II	Unweighted Sample	RDS-I (Age)	RDS-I (Drug of Choice)	RDS-II
Heroin use^a	0.66 (0.61, 0.71)	0.64 (0.59, 0.70)	0.62 (0.57, 0.67)	0.48 (0.38, 0.57)	0.90 (0.88, 0.93)	0.90 (0.88, 0.93)	0.90 (0.88, 0.93)	0.89 (0.85, 0.92)
Fentanyl use^a	0.49 (0.44, 0.55)	0.48 (0.42, 0.53)	0.45 (0.39, 0.51)	0.36 (0.26, 0.46)	0.68 (0.64, 0.71)	0.67 (0.63, 0.71)	0.67 (0.63, 0.71)	0.64 (0.60, 0.69)
Methamphetamine use^a	0.93 (0.90, 0.96)	0.93 (0.90, 0.95)	0.92 (0.88, 0.95)	0.91 (0.85, 0.97)	0.36 (0.32, 0.40)	0.36 (0.32, 0.40)	0.36 (0.32, 0.40)	0.34 (0.29, 0.38)
HCV antibody status	0.65 (0.59, 0.72)	0.66 (0.59, 0.73)	0.63 (0.56, 0.70)	0.71 (0.62, 0.81)	0.59 (0.55, 0.64)	0.59 (0.55, 0.64)	0.59 (0.55, 0.63)	0.57 (0.52, 0.62)
Homelessness^b	0.43 (0.38, 0.49)	0.43 (0.37, 0.48)	0.43 (0.37, 0.48)	0.35 (0.26, 0.44)	0.57 (0.53, 0.61)	0.56 (0.52, 0.60)	0.57 (0.53, 0.61)	0.52 (0.47, 0.56)
	OH				OR
	Unweighted Sample	RDS-I (Age)	RDS-I (Drug of Choice)	RDS-II	Unweighted Sample	RDS-I (Age)	RDS-I (Drug of Choice)	RDS-II
Heroin use^a	0.79 (0.73, 0.83)	0.78 (0.73, 0.83)	0.78 (0.73, 0.84)	0.77 (0.72, 0.83)	0.71 (0.60, 0.81)	0.60 (0.53, 0.68)	0.58 (0.51, 0.66)	0.55 (0.47, 0.63)
Fentanyl use^a	0.63 (0.56, 0.69)	0.59 (0.52, 0.66)	0.62 (0.56, 0.68)	0.46 (0.35, 0.58)	0.12 (0.07, 0.17)	0.13 (0.07, 0.18)	0.10 (0.06, 0.15)	0.06 (0.02, 0.10)
Methamphetamine use^a	0.80 (0.75, 0.85)	0.79 (0.73, 0.84)	0.79 (0.74, 0.84)	0.61 (0.48, 0.74)	0.97 (0.95, 1.00)	0.97 (0.94, 1.00)	0.97 (0.94, 1.00)	0.98 (0.96, 1.00)
HCV antibody status	0.71 (0.66, 0.77)	0.68 (0.61, 0.75)	0.71 (0.65, 0.77)	0.55 (0.42, 0.67)	0.53 (0.45, 0.61)	0.53 (0.45, 0.61)	0.51 (0.43, 0.59)	0.50 (0.34, 0.67)
Homelessness^b	0.51 (0.45, 0.57)	0.50 (0.43, 0.56)	0.51 (0.44, 0.57)	0.43 (0.33, 0.54)	0.68 (0.61, 0.75)	0.67 (0.60, 0.75)	0.66 (0.58, 0.74)	0.55 (0.39, 0.71)
	WI
	Unweighted Sample	RDS-I (Age)	RDS-I (Drug of Choice)	RDS-II
Heroin use^a	0.64 (0.61, 0.68)	0.63 (0.60, 0.67)	0.63 (0.60, 0.66)	0.60 (0.56, 0.65)
Fentanyl use^a	0.19 (0.17, 0.22)	0.19 (0.16, 0.21)	0.18 (0.16, 0.21)	0.16 (0.13, 0.19)
Methamphetamine use^a	0.91 (0.89, 0.93)	0.91 (0.89, 0.93)	0.91 (0.89, 0.93)	0.89 (0.87, 0.92)
HCV antibody status	0.36 (0.33, 0.39)	0.36 (0.33, 0.39)	0.35 (0.32, 0.38)	0.34 (0.30, 0.38)
Homelessness^b	0.63 (0.60, 0.66)	0.63 (0.60, 0.66)	0.63 (0.60, 0.66)	0.59 (0.55, 0.64)

Data presented as: estimate (95% CI)
Abbreviations: IL Illinois, KY Kentucky, NC North Carolina, NE New England (Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont), OH Ohio, OR Oregon, WI Wisconsin
Prevalence estimates calculated using linear regression with robust confidence intervals
^aReference period: past 30 days
^bReference period: past 6 months

Back to article page

ISSN: 1471-2288

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com

BMC Medical Research Methodology

Contact us